Conditional statements

Last updated on 2024-11-18 | Edit this page

Estimated time: 90 minutes

Overview

Questions

“How do I add conditional logic to my code?”

Objectives

“You can use the ==, >, >=, etc. operators to make a comparison that returns true or false.”

Chapel, as most high level programming languages, has different statements to control the flow of the program or code. The conditional statements are: the if statement, and the while statement. These statements both rely on comparisons between values. Let’s try a few comparisons to see how they work (conditionals.chpl):

writeln(1 == 2);
writeln(1 != 2);
writeln(1 > 2);
writeln(1 >= 2);
writeln(1 < 2);
writeln(1 <= 2);

BASH

chpl conditionals.chpl
./conditionals

OUTPUT

false
true
false
false
true
true

You can combine comparisons with the && (AND) and || (OR) operators. && only returns true if both conditions are true, while || returns true if either condition is true.

writeln(1 == 2);
writeln(1 != 2);
writeln(1 > 2);
writeln(1 >= 2);
writeln(1 < 2);
writeln(1 <= 2);
writeln(true && true);
writeln(true && false);
writeln(true || false);

BASH

chpl conditionals.chpl
./conditionals

OUTPUT

false
true
false
false
true
true
true
false
true

Control flow

The general syntax of a while statement is:

// single-statement form
while condition do
  instruction

// multi-statement form
while condition
{
  instructions
}

The code flows as follows: first, the condition is evaluated, and then, if it is satisfied, all the instructions within the curly brackets or do are executed one by one. This will be repeated over and over again until the condition does not hold anymore.

The main loop in our simulation can be programmed using a while statement like this

//this is the main loop of the simulation
var c = 0;
delta = tolerance;
while (c < niter && delta >= tolerance)
{
  c += 1;
  // actual simulation calculations will go here
}

Essentially, what we want is to repeat all the code inside the curly brackets until the number of iterations is greater than or equal to niter, or the difference of temperature between iterations is less than tolerance. (Note that in our case, as delta was not initialised when declared – and thus Chapel assigned it the default real value 0.0 – we need to assign it a value greater than or equal to 0.001, or otherwise the condition of the while statement will never be satisfied. A good starting point is to simple say that delta is equal to tolerance).

To count iterations we just need to keep adding 1 to the counter variable c. We could do this with c=c+1, or with the compound assignment, +=, as in the code above. To program the rest of the logic inside the curly brackets, on the other hand, we will need more elaborated instructions.

Let’s focus, first, on printing the temperature every outputFrequency = 20 iterations. To achieve this, we only need to check whether c is a multiple of outputFrequency, and in that case, to print the temperature at the desired position. This is the type of control that an if statement give us. The general syntax is:

// single-statement form
if condition then
  instruction A
else
  instruction B

// multi-statement form
if condition
{instructions A}
else
{instructions B}

The set of instructions A is executed once if the condition is satisfied; the set of instructions B is executed otherwise (the else part of the if statement is optional).

So, in our case this would do the trick:

if (c % outputFrequency == 0)
{
  writeln('Temperature at iteration ', c, ': ', temp[x, y]);
}

Note that when only one instruction will be executed, there is no need to use the curly brackets. % is the modulo operator, it returns the remainder after the division (i.e. it returns zero when c is multiple of outputFrequency).

Let’s compile and execute our code to see what we get until now

const rows = 100;
const cols = 100;
const niter = 500;
const x = 50;                   // row number of the desired position
const y = 50;                   // column number of the desired position
const tolerance = 0.0001;       // smallest difference in temperature that
                                // would be accepted before stopping
const outputFrequency: int = 20;   // the temperature will be printed every outputFrequency iterations
var delta: real;                // greatest difference in temperature from one iteration to another
var tmp: real;                  // for temporary results

// this is our "plate"
var temp: [0..rows+1, 0..cols+1] real = 25;

writeln('This simulation will consider a matrix of ', rows, ' by ', cols, ' elements.');
writeln('Temperature at start is: ', temp[x, y]);

//this is the main loop of the simulation
var c = 0;
delta = tolerance;
while (c < niter && delta >= tolerance)
{
  c += 1;
  if (c % outputFrequency == 0)
  {
    writeln('Temperature at iteration ', c, ': ', temp[x, y]);
  }
}

BASH

chpl base_solution.chpl
./base_solution

OUTPUT

This simulation will consider a matrix of 100 by 100 elements.
Temperature at start is: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 20: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 40: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 60: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 80: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 100: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 120: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 140: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 160: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 180: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 200: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 220: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 240: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 260: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 280: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 300: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 320: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 340: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 360: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 380: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 400: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 420: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 440: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 460: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 480: 25.0
Temperature at iteration 500: 25.0

Of course the temperature is always 25.0 at any iteration other than the initial one, as we haven’t done any computation yet.

Key Points

“Use if <condition> {instructions A} else {instructions B} syntax to execute one set of instructions if the condition is satisfied, and the other set of instructions if the condition is not satisfied.”
This syntax can be simplified to if <condition> {instructions} if we only want to execute the instructions within the curly brackets if the condition is satisfied.
“Use while <condition> {instructions} to repeatedly execute the instructions within the curly brackets while the condition is satisfied. The instructions will be executed over and over again until the condition does not hold anymore.”